One-third of the United States Senate is elected every -- A. two years;  B. three years;  C. four years;  D. five years;  E. six years.
[Correct Response: A]

Normally, a U.S. senator is elected to a term of office of -- A. two years;  B. three years;  C. four years;  D. five years;  E. six years.
[Correct Response: E]

A U.S. Representative is elected to a term of office of -- A. two years;  B; three years;  C. four years;  D. five years; E. six years.
[Correct Response: E]

Until ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, members of the U.S. Senate were selected by the -- A. U.S. House of Representatives;  B. state legislatures;  C. President, on the state governors' recommendations;  D. voters in statewide popular elections;  E. voters in a single nationwide popular election.
[Correct Response: B]

Since ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, members of the U.S. Senate have been selected by the -- A. U.S. House of Representatives;  B. state legislatures;  C. President, on the state governors' recommendations;  D. voters in statewide popular elections;  E. voters in a single nationwide popular election.
[Correct Response: D]

Members of the United States House of Representatives are selected by -- A. the U.S. Senate;  B. the voters in statewide popular elections;  C. majority vote in the Electoral College;  D. the state legislatures;  E. the voters in congressional districts.
[Correct Response: E]

The U.S. Senate, as originally designed, was intended to -- A. make certain that national legislation would not be enacted without the approval of a majority of the states;  B. represent the interests of the "natural aristocracy" within American society;  C. ensure legislative decisionmaking by concurrent majorities, rather than by a single numerical majority;  D. protect the rights of the wealthy and propertied minority and prevent tyrannical rule by a popular majority and its elected representatives in the government;  E. do all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

In designing the U.S. House of Representatives, the Framers of the United States Constitution sought to -- A. make the Constitution acceptable to the small states and ensure their ratification of the document;  B. create a body that would represent the "democratic" interest within American society;  C. insulate the House of Representatives from immediate popular pressures;  D. have the House of Representatives represent the "aristocratic" interest within American society;  E. provide an assembly that would function as the main presidential advisory body.
[Correct Response: B]

The Framers of the U.S. Constitution expected the U.S. Senate to -- A. proceed at a more rapid pace than the House of Representatives and spend less time debating and deliberating on proposed legislation;  B. support proposals for radical, far-reaching changes in existing political and economic institutions;  C. give greater consideration to the possible longterm effects of major innovations in public policy;  D. be subject to and strongly influenced by popular pressures of the moment;  E. function as a counterweight to a more conservative House of Representatives.
[Correct Response: C]

The number of U.S. House seats allocated to each state is -- A. fixed in the U.S. Constitution;  B. reapportioned every two years, immediately after the congressional elections;  C. reapportioned every ten years, after the federal census; D. reapportioned only when a new state is admitted into the Union;  E. determined every four years by the Federal Elections Commission.
[Correct Response: C]

The number of U.S. Senate seats allocated to each state is -- A. fixed in the U.S. Constitution;  B. reapportioned every two years, immediately after the congressional elections;  C. reapportioned every ten years, after the federal census;  D. reapportioned only when a new state is admitted into the Union; E. determined every four years by the Federal Elections Commission.
[Correct Response: A]

Under the United States Constitution, the U.S. Congress possesses power to lay and collect taxes in order to -- A. pay the debts of the United States;  B. provide for the common defense of the United States;  C. provide for the general welfare of the United States;  D. do all of the above;  E. do none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

The primary constitutional basis of the implied powers of Congress is the -- A. Intrastate Commerce Clause;  B. State Supremacy Clause;  C. Privileges and Immunities Clause;  D. Necessary and Proper Clause;  E. Equal Protection Clause.
[Correct Response: D]

The enumerated powers of Congress include authority to regulate -- A. commerce between the U.S.A. and foreign countries;  B. trade among the states of the American Union;  C. economic activity within the borders of a state;  D. A and B above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

The expressly delegated powers of Congress include authority to -- A. coin money and regulate its value;  B. establish post offices and post roads;  C. raise and support armies;  D. do all of the above;  E. do none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

The enumerated powers of Congress include authority to -- A. establish government corporations;  B. establish uniform rules on naturalization and bankruptcies;  C. appropriate money to provide financial assistance to state-operated public schools;  D. provide for social security and national health insurance;  E. assist and regulate agriculture.
[Correct Response: B]

Congress possesses power to provide for calling forth the state militias in order to -- A. execute the laws of the Union;  B. suppress insurrections;  C. repel invasions;  D. do all of the above;  E. do none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Congress is given unrestricted power to levy income taxes by -- A. Article I, Section 8, Clause 1;  B. the Sixteenth Amendment;  C. Article IV, Section 3;  D. the Fourteenth Amendment;  E. the Tenth Amendment.
[Correct Response: B]

Congress has power to exercise exclusive legislation over -- A. the District of Columbia;  B. federal military reservations;  C. U.S. post offices;  D. territories of the U.S.A.;  E. all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

The enumerated powers of Congress include authority to -- A. borrow money on the credit of the United States;  B. fix the standard of weights and measures;  C. grant patents and copyrights;  D. provide for the punishment of counterfeiting U.S. currency and securities; E. do all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

The expressly delegated powers of Congress include authority to -- A. admit new states into the Union;  B. enact ex post facto laws;  C. make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;  D. do A and C above;  E. do B and C above;
[Correct Response: D]

The implied powers of Congress include authority to -- A. spend money for highway construction and maintenance;  B. coin money and regulate the value thereof;  C. regulate foreign and interstate commerce;  D. enact ex post facto laws;   E. provide and maintain a navy.
[Correct Response: A]

The implied powers of Congress include authority to -- A. lay and collect taxes;  B. establish military and naval academies;   C. provide for the construction of dams and power plants;  D. do A and C above;  E. do B and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

The power of Congress to enact legislation enforcing the federal constitutional ban against slavery and involuntary servitude is one of the -- A. enumerated powers;  B. implied powers;  C. reserved powers;  D. inherent powers;  E. residual powers.
[Correct Response: A]

The power of Congress to enact legislation to enforce the federal constitutional ban against a state depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law is one of the -- A. enumerated powers;  B. implied powers;  C. reserved powers;  D. inherent powers;  E. residual powers.
[Correct Response: A]

The power of Congress to enact legislation to enforce the federal constitutional prohibition against the states denying U.S. citizens the right to vote because of race, color, or sex is one of the -- A. enumerated powers;  B. implied powers;  C. reserved powers;  D. inherent powers;  E. residual powers.
[Correct Response: A]

The power of Congress to spend money out of the U.S. Treasury for financial assistance to the states and local communities in their performance of state and local functions is one of the -- A. enumerated powers;  B. implied powers;  C. reserved powers;  D. inherent powers;  E. residual powers.
[Correct Response: B]

Power to pass bills of attainder is -- A. one of the expressly delegated powers of Congress;  B. denied to Congress by the Constitution;  C. an implied power of Congress;  D. a power left to the states by the Constitution;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: B]

The U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from -- A. imposing a tax on exports;  B. granting titles of nobility;  C. changing state boundaries without the consent of the states involved;  D. levying a capitation tax without apportioning the tax burden among the states according to population;  E. doing all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

The U.S. Constitution denies Congress authority to -- A. constitute tribunals inferior to the U.S. Supreme Court;  B. interfere with the states in their regulation of the conduct of elections or in their establishment and enforcement of suffrage qualifications;  C. suspend the right to a writ of habeas corpus, unless, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety makes it absolutely necessary;  D. permit the sale of U.S. government property to private individuals and firms;  E. do any or all of the above.
[Correct Response: C]

Clauses in the U.S. Constitution that have been used to expand the power of Congress include all but the -- A. Commerce Clause;   B. War Powers Clauses;  C. Tax Clause;  D. National Supremacy Clause;  E. Ex Post Facto Clause.
[Correct Response: E]

In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the U.S. Supreme Court -- A. held that state legislatures may legally tax instrumentalities of the national government;  B. very strictly construed the powers of Congress under the Constitution;  C. ruled that Congress may constitutionally exercise its enumerated powers in a variety of appropriate ways;  D. declared the federal income tax to be unconstitutional and null and void as an unapportioned direct tax;  E. held that Congress lacked authority to incorporate a bank.
[Correct Response: C]

The special powers of the U.S. House of Representatives include authority to -- A. try civil officers of the United States on impeachment charges brought by the U.S. Senate;  B. choose its own presiding officer;  C. select the Vice President, if no candidate for Vice President wins a majority in the Electoral College;  D. ratify or reject proposed treaties;  E. override a Senate veto of a House-passed bill.
[Correct Response: B]

Either chamber of Congress can, by simple majority vote, refuse to seat a duly elected member on grounds that he -- A. is morally and politically objectionable to the majority of the chamber;  B. does not believe in the existence of a supreme supernatural being who created and governs the universe;  C. does not meet the constitutional qualifications for eligibility to hold a seat in the chamber;  D. is a member of a subversive organization advocating the forcible overthrow of the U.S. government;  E. is an active homosexual.
[Correct Response: C]

A member of Congress committing a crime or engaging in other misconduct is subject to -- A. impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial, conviction, and removal from office by the Senate;  B. expulsion by a simple majority vote in the chamber of which he is a member;  C. removal from office by the U.S. Supreme Court;  D. expulsion by a two-thirds vote in the chamber of which he is a member;  E. public disembowelment at a televised mass rally in Washington, D.C.
[Correct Response: D]

A member of Congress cannot be sued or prosecuted for anything he says -- A. on the floor of Congress, in a congressional committee, or in a congressional committee report;  B. in a news release;  C. in a speech made outside Congress;  D. in performing errands for constituents;  E. in any or all of the foregoing situations.
[Correct Response: A]

In Congress, a permanent House or Senate committee that specializes in a particular area of legislation is called a -- A. select committee;  B. standing committee;  C. conference committee;  D. steering committee;  E. departmental committee.
[Correct Response: B]

A bill is reported when -- A. a member of Congress introduces it;  B. it is presented to the entire chamber after it has been approved by a full committee; C. it is passed by a single chamber of Congress;  D. it is passed by both houses of Congress;  E. the President signs it into law.
[Correct Response: B]

When there are differences in the House-passed and Senate-passed versions of a particular bill, the differences are usually ironed out by -- A. the party leaders in the two chambers of Congress;  B. the President and the congressional leaders of his party;  C. a conference committee;  D. the House and Senate committees that originally considered the bill;  E. the Cabinet.
[Correct Response: C]

Congressional committee or subcommittee meetings in which proposed legislation is debated and amended are referred to as -- A. streaking sessions;  B. brainstorming sessions;  C. bull sessions;  D. markup sessions;  E. erotic sessions.
[Correct Response: D]

The top leader of the majority party leader in the U.S. House of Representatives is the -- A. House Majority Leader;  B. Prime Minister;  C. Speaker of the House;  D. House Majority Whip;  E. Chairman of the House Rules Committee.
[Correct Response: C]

The top leader of the majority party in the U.S. Senate is the -- A. President of the Senate;  B. Senate Majority Whip;  C. President Pro Tempore of the Senate;  D. Senate Majority Floor Leader;  E. Chairman of the Senate Rules Committee.
[Correct Response: D]

The chairman of a House or Senate standing committee is usually -- A. elected to that position by majority vote in the full chamber;  B. the majority party member with the largest number of years of continuous service on that committee;  C. appointed to that position by the President;  D. appointed to that position by the Majority Floor Leader;  E. elected by the voters in a nationwide popular election.
[Correct Response: B]

The Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives -- A. is a partisan leader who uses his formal and informal powers to help pass legislation favored by the majority party in the House;  B. is the highest-ranking floor leader of the majority party in the House;  C. presides over the House in a strictly nonpartisan, politically neutral manner;  D. is Chairman of the Electoral College;  E. appoints the Chairman of the National Committee of the political party which has a majority of the seats in the House.
[Correct Response: A]

The Speaker of the U.S. House -- A. decides who shall be allowed to speak on the floor of the House;  B. rules on points of order;  C. appoints the House members of conference committees;  D. does all of the above;  E. does none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Most of the detailed decisions about public policies and programs of the U.S. national government are the result of interaction -- A. between the Cabinet and spokesmen for organized interest groups;  B. between Congress and the President;  C. among Congress, the President, and the Governors of the fifty states;  D. among Congress, the executive branch, and spokesmen for organized interest groups;  E. between the national majority party elite and the mass of the voters.
[Correct Response: D]

A central feature of Congress as an institution of government is the fact that -- A. members of Congress are popularly elected from specific states and districts;  B. there are strong incentives for Congress to continuously assert congressional primacy in all or most national policy areas;  C. the legislative policymaking process in Congress proceeds from broad, nationally-oriented, general ideological premises to specific policies;  D. members of Congress are organized into two unified and cohesive political parties which strongly and uncompromizingly oppose each other on a wide range of policy issues;  E. a small and cohesive leadership group in the House and the Senate frequently functions as the voice of Congress.
[Correct Response: A]

In Congress -- A. the focus of members is upon broad national public interests;  B. legislation is the result of a continuous, on-going process of negotiation, bargaining, and compromise among the various particular interests and factions represented in Congress;  C. many major bills are aggregates of specific provisions designed to benefit specific constituency interests;    D. A and C above are true;  E. B and C above are true.
[Correct Response: E]

The member of Congress who adopts a rather passive stance in terms of pushing for specific policy preferences and a conservative role in terms of supporting the institutional status quo -- A. renounces all impact on public policy;  B. is likely to maximize interests favoring and supporting his reelection;  C. will run head-on into frustrations generated by the slowness and complexity of the legislative process;  D. may jeopardize amicable relations with the bureaucracy and organized interest groups;  E. is liable to be seduced by and into collusion with the American Mafia.
[Correct Response: B]

The Senator or Representative who opts for an aggressive stance with regard to impact on the substance of public policy and a change-oriented position toward congressional institutions -- A. opts for a highly specific, marginal impact on public policy;  B. selects an option that is immediately workable within the highly complex process by which legislation makes its way through Congress;  C. may jeopardize amicable relations with the bureaucracy and organized interest groups;  D. enhances his ability to obtain projects and perform services for his constituents;  E. is likely to maximize interests favoring and supporting his reelection.
[Correct Response: C]

The increasing workload of Congress has resulted in -- A. reinforcement of a highly developed specialization of labor;  B. increased use of staff personnel;  C. development of elaborate Senate and House rules of procedure;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Senate and House rules -- A. facilitate the processing of a large amount of business in reasonably good order;  B. are politically neutral;  C. allow for relative invisibility in the handling of policy issues;  D. are characterized by A and C above;   E. are characterized by B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

Senate and House rules -- A. are conducive to the development of cohesive party organizations in the two chambers of Congress;   B. make it easy for dissidents to challenge the legislative products of congressional committees;  C. permit behind-the-scenes maneuvering by individual Senators and Representative, free from public scrutiny;  D. enable members of Congress to organize and control the two houses of Congress in a manner that promotes a single uniform majoritarian interest;  E. facilitate domination of all aspects of the congressional legislative process by a single omnipotent oligarchy.
[Correct Response: C]

Senate and House rules -- A. ensure that any piece of legislation must go through several committee and floor processes in both houses of Congress;  B. cannot be used to substantive advantage by either side in a controversy;  C. facilitate absolute control of the standing committees by the majority party leaders in Congress;  D. minimize the opportunities for defeating or substantially amending proposed legislation;  E. help maintain a set of political structures that provide numerous access points for the advocates of far-reaching change in public policy.
[Correct Response: A]

Senate and House rules -- A. facilitate preservation of the status quo in public policy;  B. help ensure a substantial degree of fragmentation and decentralization of political power and leadership in the two chambers of Congress;  C. help maintain a set of political structures with very few access points for blockage of governmental action;  D. are characterized by A and B above;  E. are characterized by B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

The Senator or Representative who chooses to adopt a passive stance in terms of pushing for specific policy preferences -- A. tends to have interests beyond the jurisdiction of the committees and subcommittes to which he is assigned;  B. is strongly inclined to question the judgements of bureaucrats and interest group representatives;  C. focuses his interest upon one or a few public policy areas;  D. will tend to work for the adoption of wide changes in existing statutes;  E. is unwilling to compromise on those policy issues about which he feels strongly.
[Correct Response: C]

The member of Congress who opts for an aggressive stance with regard to impact on the substance of public policy -- A. tends to support policies advocated by the bureaucrats whose agencies are concerned with implementation of the policies;  B. will tend to work for the adoption of wide changes in existing statutes;  C. is inclined to accomodate the spokesmen and leaders of organized interest groups;  D. tends to be primarily interested in the work of his own committee and a few subcommittes;  E. generally will suggest only small changes in the legislative proposals presented to the committee or subcommittee of which he is a member.
[Correct Response: B]

A passive congressional stance with regard to impact on public policy -- A. minimizes committee autonomy and the influence of committee members;  B. maximizes the level of controversy in Congress;  C. minimizes the time available for members of Congress to spend on constituency-oriented business;  D. maximizes the freedom of individual members of Congress;  E. minimizes good relations with the President.
[Correct Response: D]

A passive congressional stance with regard to policy impact -- A. reduces the reelection chances of members of Congress;  B. tends to ensure subjection of members of Congress to public scrutiny;  C. makes more likely good relations with the President;  D. makes less likely good relations with the bureaucracy;  E. does none of the above.
[Correct Response: C]

In regard to the costs of congressional passivity -- A. Congress, as an institution, has little unified impact on national policy;  B. the independence of Senate and House standing committees is sacrificed to party loyalty;  C. Congress leaves itself open to domination by the executive branch;  D. A and B above are true;  E. A and C above are true.
[Correct Response: E]

In regard to the benefits derived from an aggressive congressional stance -- A. Senators and Representatives increase their potential for seeing the adoption and implementation of public policies important to them;  B. individual members of Congress can take pride in the congressional institution as an important participant in public policymaking;  C. Congress asserts itself and exercises its power;  D. all of the above are true;  E. none of the above are true.
[Correct Response: D]

If a large number of Senators and Representatives pursue policy aggressiveness, the consequences may involve -- A. increased committee and subcommittee autonomy;  B. more controversial issues coming before Congress, in a more visible way;  C. increased time available to individual members of Congress to spend on constituency matters;  D. members of Congress gaining increased ability to conclude political alliances with segments of the bureaucracy;  E. weaker congressional parties, with reduced ability to impose discipline on individual members of Congress.
[Correct Response: B]

In regard to the consequences of policy aggressiveness in Congress -- A. members of Congress may antagonize a number of organized interest groups;  B. the reelection chances of members of Congress may be endangered;  C. members of Congress run an increased risk of antagonizing the President;  D. all of the above may occur;  E. none of the above is likely to occur.
[Correct Response: D]

The costs of policy aggressiveness in Congress may involve -- A. reduction in the freedom of individual members of Congress;  B. less inclination on the part of the White House to cooperate with members of Congress in distributing benefits to their constituencies;  C. imposition of greater party discipline on individual members of Congress;  D. greater reluctance of bureaucrats to respond favorably to constituency-oriented requests of members of Congress;  E. all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

The functions of Congress which are central to congressional impact on public policy include -- A. serving as ombudsman for individual constituents;  B. conflict resolution;  C. education of the public;  D. A and B above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

The policy-relevant functions of Congress include -- A. lawmaking;  B. oversight of administration;  C. representation;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Congressional performance of the policy-relevant functions varies -- A. as the environment of Congress undergoes change;  B. in accordance with the Iron Law of Oligarchy;  C. as the membership of Congress changes;  D. when Congress is affected by A and B above;  E. when Congress is affected by A and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

In carrying out its duties and responsibilities associated with oversight of administration, Congress -- A. enacts new legislation, as well as revises existing legislation;  B. determines whether existing programs and policies are being implemented in accordance with congressional intentions;  C. speaks as an institutional whole on public policy alternatives;  D. represents all interests in American society simultaneously;  E. engages in activities that are nearly always highly visible to the general public.
[Correct Response: B]

In performing the function of oversight of administration, Congress -- A. ascertains whether money appropriated out of the U.S. Treasury is being spent on the purposes for which it was authorized;  B. supervises the execution of existing federal programs and policies;  C. oversees the activities of the federal bureaucracy;  D. does all of the above;  E. does none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

The General Accounting Office (GAO) -- A. prescribes accounting systems for federal agencies and departments;  B. conducts post audits;  C. functions as an agent of Congress;  D. does all of the above;  E. does none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

The General Accounting Office -- A. checks on specific federal expenditures to ensure that each expenditure falls within the intent of Congress;  B. operates under presidential direction and control;  C. supervises all government programs implemented by the federal bureaucracy;  D. is headed by the Comptroller General, who is chosen by direct popular election;  E. carries out all the oversight responsibilities of Congress.
[Correct Response: A]

GAO reports and information -- A. go directly to the Attorney General of the United States;  B. are sufficient to enable Congress to perform its oversight functions;  C. are supplemented by the activities of Senate and House standing committees;  D. obviate the necessity of public hearings conducted by congressional committees;  E. ordinarily are highly visible to the general public.
[Correct Response: C]

An authorization bill passed by Congress is -- A. a legislative grant of money for a specific purpose;  B. legislation establishing a substantive government program;  C. a legislative action that specifies a government program's general purpose and the means of achieving it;  D. A and B above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

A congressional appropriation -- A. indicates the approximate amount of money needed to implement a government program;  B. establishes a substantive government program;  C. is a legislative grant of money for a spefific purpose;  D. specifies a government program's general purpose and the means of achieving it;  E. is usually passed before enactment of the authorization bill.
[Correct Response: C]

Activities associated with legislative oversight of administration are carried on -- A. only by House and Senate appropriations committees;  B. only by House and Senate committees on substantive legislation;  C. both by congressional appropriations committees and committees on substantive legislation;  D. only by the General Accounting Office;  E. both by the General Accounting Office and the institutionalized Presidency.
[Correct Response: C]

Authorizing legislation frequently -- A. includes standards for administration of a government program;  B. provides Congress with tools for use in its oversight activities;  C. specifies standards for program performance;  D. contains provisions that enable Congress to assess later how well a program is being implemented;  E. does all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

As regards the congressional function of representation, the Senator or Representative who plays the role of trustee -- A. votes for or against proposed legislation strictly and wholely in accordance with the wishes or instructions of his constituents;  B. is guided in legislative decision-making by his own personal conscience and convictions;  C. looks primarily to the leadership of his congressional party for guidance in how to vote on measures pending in Congress;  D. spends a great deal of time studying the results of questionaires and public opinion polls;  E. maximizes his chances for continued electoral success.
[Correct Response: B]

The member of Congress who plays the role of delegate -- A. votes for or against proposed legislation strictly and wholely in accordance with the wishes or instructions of his constituents;  B. functions as an independent legislative represetative;  C. endeavors to educate his constituents to see pursuit of the broader public interest as being in their own longterm best self interest;  D. looks primarily to the leadership of his congressional party for guidance in how to vote on measures pending in Congress;  E. takes risks and may therefore jeopardize his electoral safety.
[Correct Response: A]

The member of Congress who plays the role of partisan -- A. is guided in legislative decision-making by his own personal conscience and convictions;  B. votes for or against proposed legislation strictly and wholely in accordance with the wishes or instructions of his constituents;  C. functions as an independent legislative representative;  D. looks primarily to the leadership of his congressional party for guidance in how to vote on measures pending in Congress; E. always enhances his electoral safety.
[Correct Response: D]

The member of Congress who plays the role of politico -- A. endeavors to project the public image of being representative and servant of the people;  B. serves well the major organized interests within his state or district;  C. knows what policy issues the mass of his constituents really care about and takes care to always publicly vote and pontificate in ways that cater to the prevailing prejudices and biases within his constituency;  D. does all of the above;  E. does none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

The Senator or Representative who plays the role of politico -- A. is a skilled political operator who knows how to manipulate people and wield political power;  B. makes certain that he is kept abreast of the prevailing popular sentiments and opinions within his state or district;  C. knows that there is a tremendous area of public policy within which he can maneuver and vote in his own interest or in the interest of a political ideology to which he is committed;  D. is characterized by all of the above;  E. is characterized by none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Edmund Burke, the English statesman and Conservative political philosopher of the late Eighteenth Century, maintained that a legislative representative should -- A. merely reflect the desires and sentiments of his constituents,  B. attempt to determine for himself what is in the national interest;  C. always follow the advice of his party leaders in voting on measures pending in Parliament;  D. function solely as the agent of the voters in his constituency;  E. always vote in a manner that will enhance his chances for reelection.
[Correct Response: B]

According to the theory which conceptualizes the legislative representative as a delegate -- A. the legislator should vote for only those measures that he personally considers to be in the broad national interest;  B. if every legislator fights for the special interests of his constituents, a natural balance of power will evolve and the interests of the entire nation will be served;  C. the legislator will serve the public interest only if he votes in strict accord with his ideological convictions, depending upon his persuavive abilities to win him reelection;  D. the legislator should always vote against those public policy proposals which he personally considers to be harmful to the nation;  E. competition within the legislature between two cohesive political parties of almost equal strength is the sole road to genuinely serving the public interest.
[Correct Response: B]

Basically, Congress can be called a representative political institution because -- A. the characteristics of members of Congress are similar to those of the whole American population;  B. the voting behavior of members of Congress constitutes an exact reflection of public opinion;  C. Congress is an elective body;  D. Congress represents all interests in American society simultaneously;  E. all of the above are true.
[Correct Response: C]

Congress is a truly representative institution because -- A. a system of periodic free elections can remove from office any member of Congress judged by his constituents to be totally unrepresentative;  B. Senators and Representatives are elected on the basis of a system of proportional representation;  C. most Americans believe in and accept the legitimacy of Congress;  D. A and C above are true;  E. B and C above are true.
[Correct Response: D]

In the U.S.A., Congress is perceived to be a validly representative institution by -- A. only the masses;  B. only the elites;  C. both the masses and the elites;  D. adherents of revolutionary collectivist Anarchist ideology;  E. those who advocate action for the forcible overthrow of the U.S. government.
[Correct Response: C]

Representative activities of individual Senators and Representatives include -- A. supporting the interests of individual constituents in a variety of casework activities;  B. pursuit of casework activities for corporate entities;  C. intervention into the division and distribution of federal largesse;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Representative activities of individual members of Congress include -- A. serving as ombudsman for their constituents;  B. seeking new post offices, rivers and harbors projects, irrigation projects, and military installations and training programs for their states and districts;  C. endeavoring to represent broad classes and races within the American population;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

In regard to the relationship between Congress and the executive branch of the U.S. national government -- A. the Presidency relates mostly to the Senate and House standing committees;  B. administrative units and subunits within the federal bureaucracy relate directly to the relevant Senate and House committees;  C. the congressional party leaders, most of the time, relate directly to individual organizations within the bureaucracy;  D. the President and the recognized leaders of the majority party in Congress are members of a Steering Committee which appoints the chairmen and other majority party members of the Senate and House committees;  E. the Presidency, in most instances, relates directly to rank-and-file members of Congress.
[Correct Response: B]

In regard to the relationship between Congress and the federal executive branch -- A. individual members of Congress look to congressional party leaders to carry information and preferences to the Presidency;  B. particular administrative agencies and their subunits relate mainly to congressional subcommittees which handle the funding of agency programs;  C. the Presidency relies on the congressional committees to relay presidential preferences to the congressional party leaders and to rank-and-file members of Congress;  D. A and B above are true;  E. A and C above are true.
[Correct Response: D]

In regard to the relationship between Congress and the executive branch -- A. particular administrative agencies and their subunits relate mainly to the congressional committees responsible for acting on substantive legislative proposals affecting the agencies and their subunits;  B. the Presidency and Congress rely primarily on their joint mandate from the electorate to guide their decisions and actions, as regards the formulation, adoption, and implementation of a legislative program;  C. executive department heads and the chairmen of Senate and House standing committees make up the formal membership of the President's Cabinet;  D. the U.S. Constitution requires that the President exercise the national executive power only with the advice and consent of the recognized leaders of the majority party in Congress;  E. congressional party leaders, most of the time, relate directly to individual organizations within the bureaucracy.
[Correct Response: A]

It is difficult to achieve central direction of national public policy in the U.S. national government because -- A. the link between the congressional party leaders and the congressional committees is comparatively weak;  B. the scheme of national government created by the Federal Constitution is one in which nothing new can be started, except with the approval of both Congress and the President;  C. the various parts of the federal bureaucracy are imperfectly responsible to the Presidency;  D. A and C above are true;  E. B and C above are true.
[Correct Response: D]

Presidential cooperation with Congress is likely to -- A. help the President project the public image of a highly competent and effective leader;  B. give the President more leeway and opportunity in the area of foreign affairs;  C. enable the President to obtain congressional approval of and funding for his proposed policies and programs;  D. do all of the above;  E. do none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Congressional cooperation with the President tends to provide benefits and advantages -- A. only to members of Congress with broad programmatic aspirations;  B. only to members of Congress whose sole or primary interest is in obtaining the distribution of tangible benefits to their constituents;  C. both to members of Congress with broad programmatic aspirations and to those without such aspirations;  D. to those members of the minority congressional party who consistently play partisan roles and, for this reason, consistently oppose the President's legislative proposals;  E. to none of the above.
[Correct Response: C]

Conditions promoting conflict between the President and Congress include -- A. genuine disagreement over public policy goals;   B. the jealousies of individuals, each responsible to his own constituency;  C. the desire of potential competitors to maintain some information not available to the other party;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

The most important of all incentives inducing the President to cooperate with Congress is increased or enhanced -- A. ability to devote more time and attention to presidential relationships other than those with Congress;  B. opportunity in the area of foreign affairs and international relations;  C. ability to obtain authorizing legislation and appropriations for presidential programs;  D. opportunity to devote more time and attention to presidential influence within the executive branch;  E. opportunity for the President to substantially reduce his concern with and involvement in congressional legislative activity.
[Correct Response: C]

The relationship between Congress and the bureaucracy is characterized by -- A. high public visibility;  B. a relative lack of media coverage;  C. low public visibility;  D. A and B above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

The nexus between federal executive bureaus and congressional committees -- A. determines many of the details of existing national public policy;  B. frequently produces some rather dramatically new public policies;  C. produces decisions which can shape government programs in ways quite different from what proponents in the White House and Congress originally envisioned;  D. is characterized by A and C above;  E. is characterized by B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

As a congressional committee and an executive bureau interact, the support that the committee can offer the bureau involves -- A. rewards in the form of public praise for jobs well done;  B. favorable legislative decisions on budget, authority, and jurisdiction;   C. favorable judicial decisions on the legality of the bureau's actions;  D. A and B above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

As a congressional committee and an executive bureau interact, the support that the bureau can offer the committee and its members involves -- A. good policy implementation and special treatment of committee members;  B. favorable legislative decisions on procedure, organization, and reorganization;  C. deference in public to particular committee members as experts in given policy areas;  D. A and B above;  E. A and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

The standing committees of Congress are characterized by -- A. fixed jurisdictions;  B. shifting jurisdictions;  C. relatively unchanging memberships;  D. A and C above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

The congressional committee structure embodies the primary response of Congress to -- A. the emergence of modern political parties in the U.S.A.;  B. the emergence of mainly subject matter specialists in control of the federal bureaucracy;  C. the heavy and increasing workload of Congress;  D. A an C above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: E]

Senate and House standing committees -- A. provide an element of continuity to the national legislative process;  B. enable the members of a given commmittee to build expertise in a particular public policy area;  C. are temporary, ad hoc committees;   D. are characterized by A and B above;  E. are characterized by B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

The standing committees of Congress vary in -- A. size;  B. number of subcommittees;  C. workload and method of operation;  D. prestige and influence in the legislative process;  E. all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]

Select committees of Congress -- A. are temporary, special committees;  B. are permanent, ad hoc committees;  C. usually have the power to report bills;  D. generally function as agents or instrumentalities of conference committees;  E. almost invariably operate under the control and direction of standing committee chairmen.
[Correct Response: A]

Major purposes of select committees include -- A. serving interest groups that feel they lack access to standing committees;  B. making use of the particular talents of individual members of Congress;  C. performing specific duties in areas of overlapping committee jurisdiction;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response; D]

Select committees -- A. normally perform the function of study and investigation;  B. have the authority to make recommendations;  C. are sometimes created to circumvent standing committees;  D. are characterized by all of the above;  E. are characterized by none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

When the report of a select committee results in the enactment of congressional legislation, this occurs because -- A. the select committee itself is powerful;  B. the leaders and instigators of the select committee are powerful and influential;  C. the select committee has the authority to report legislation;  D. members of the Cabinet have the power and prestige necessary to win support in the standing committees and on the floors of both houses of Congress for legislation that had its genesis in the select committee;  E. the Presidents appoints the members of a select committee.
[Correct Response: B]

The roles played by select committees include -- A. educational and promotional roles;  B. promoting the self-interest of individual members of Congress;  C. representative roles;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Joint committees of Congress -- A. resemble the the standing committees in their powers and purposes;  B. are usually made up of a greater number of Senators than Representatives;  C. are used primarily to carry out studies and investigations or supervise the work of administrative agencies;  D. ordinarily have authority to report bills;  E. are frequently and extensively used by Congress.
[Correct Response: C]

A conference committee -- A. is a special type of joint committee used infrequently by Congress;  B. reports a compromise bill, if approved by a two-thirds vote in at least one chamber of Congress;  C. is composed of members selected by the majority floor leaders in each house of Congress;  D. is made necessary by the provisions of the United States Constitution;  E. plays a minor role in the congressional legislative process.
[Correct Response: D]

A conference committee -- A. has sufficient flexibility and discretion as to what course it takes;  B. almost invariably conducts its business in open sessions;  C. is usually dominated by the less senior members of the two houses of Congress;  D. is a permanent committee of Congress;  E. produces a bill which is subject to amendments from the floors of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
[Correct Response: A]

A conference committee -- A. is made necessary by normal congressional behavior;  B. usually operates under the control and direction of the National Security Council;  C. widely distributes the power or ability to shape national public policy in a given area;  D. does not normally have authority to report legislation;  E. is generally limited to a role that is educational or promotional in character.

On most congressional standing committees, the ratio of Republicans to Democrats is -- A. a fixed ratio of two Democrats for every Republican;  B. determined by approximating the ratio of Republicans to Democrats in the whole House or Senate;  C. a fixed ratio of three Republicans for every Democrat;  D. determined by approximating the ratio of Republicans to Democrats in all fifty state legislatures;  E. a fixed ratio of three Democrats for every Republican.

For most members of Congress -- A. standing committee activity constitutes only a minor aspect of their legislative duties;  B. their reputations are made through their work on standing committees and subcommittees;  C. standing committee activity takes up most of their time;  D. A and B above are true;  E. B and C above are true.
[Correct Response: E]

The most immediate task facing the newly elected U.S. Senator or Representative is to -- A. become a very close personal friend of the presiding officer of his chamber;  B. get himself elected party floor leader in his chamber;  C. obtain appointment to a choice standing committee;  D. seek transfer to a more desirable select committee;  E. get himself appointed to a choice conference committee.
[Correct Response: C]

Reasons why individual members of Congress seek particular committee assignments include -- A. the desire of the Senator or Representative to help his constituents and improve his chances for reelection;  B. the desire of the member of Congress to exercise influence within his particular house of Congress;  C. an interest in helping to formulate public policy in one or more particular policy fields;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Generally speaking, a member of Congress who seeks and obtains membership on the House or Senate Appropriations Committee is motivated primarily by -- A. his desire to increase his influence over the other members of his chamber;  B. national policy goals;  C. his desire to build a broad base of support for future attempts to secure his party's presidential nomination;  D. A and B above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: A]

Generally speaking, a member of Congress who seeks and obtains assignment to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations or to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs is motivated primarily by -- A. national policy goals;  B. his interest in enhancing his electoral safety;  C. his desire to help his constituents;  D. his desire to exercise influence over the other members of his chamber;  E. his interest in putting his wife or girl friend on the federal payroll.
[Correct Response: A]

Reasons why some members of Congress seek changes in their committee assignments after their freshman terms include -- A. change in individual interests;  B. change in individual priorities;  C. increased seniority and enhanced opportunity of getting on more prestigious committees;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

A Senator or Representative who shifts membership on one standing committee to that on another -- A. transfers his seniority on the old committee to the new committee;  B. usually makes the change fairly late in his career;  C. starts out at the bottom of the seniority ladder of the new committee;  D. generally makes the shift in order to get on one of the more prestigious conference committees;  E. is almost invariably motivated by broad national policy goals.
[Correct Response: C]

In the U.S. Senate, the party selection committee that nominates Republicans for membership on the Senate standing committees is called the -- A. Steering and Outreach Committee;  B. Committee on Committees;  C. Republican National Committee;  D. Policy and Assignments Committee;  E. Rules Committee.
[Correct Response: B]

In the U.S. Senate, the party selection committee that nominates Democrats for membership on the Senate standing committees is called the -- A. Steering and Outreach Committee;  B. Committee on Committees;  C. Democratic National Committee;  D. Policy and Assignments Committees;  E. Rules Committee.
[Correct Response: A]

In the U.S. House of Representatives, the party selection committee that nominates Republicans for membership on the House standing committees is called the -- A. Steering Committee;  B. Policy Committee;  C. Committee on Committees;  D. Nominations Committee;  E. Control Committee.
[Correct Response: A]

In the U.S. House of Representatives, the party selection committee that nominates Democrats for membership on the House standing committees is called the -- A. Steering and Outreach Committee;  B. Committee on Committees;  C. Steering and Policy Committee;  D. Democratic National Committee;  E. Political Committee.
[Correct Response: C]

As regards appointing or assigning Democrats to House standing committees -- A. the House Democratic Caucus possesses the authority to accept or reject the recommendations of the party selection committee;  B. the party selection committee nominates Democratic members of the Rules Committee only;  C. the Speaker of the House plays no part in the selection process;  D. decisions of the House Democratic Caucus are subject to veto by the Speaker of the House;  E. the chairmen of all House standing committees are ex officio members of the party selection committee.
[Correct Response: A]

As regards appointing or assigning Republicans to House standing committees -- A. the party selection committee votes by secret ballot to arrive at individual recommendations for assignments to standing committees and forwards these recommendations to the House Republican Conference;  B. the influence of the Republican National Committee Chairman over the House Republican selection committee is vigorous, direct, and continuous;  C. the party selection committee consists of the Republican members of the House Ways and Means Committee;  D. the selection process is controlled by and directed toward the ends of the House Conservative Caucus;  E. the party selection committee consists of members elected by the delegates at the Republican National Convention.
[Correct Response: A]

As regards appointing or assigning Democrats to Senate standing committees -- A. the Senate Democratic floor leader nominates Senators for assignment to some standing committees;  B. the party selection committee nominates Senators for assignment to all standing committees;  C. standing committee chairmen cannot serve on the party selection committee;  D. members of the party selection committee are limited to six-year terms on the committee;  E. the seniority rule confines to extremely narrow limits the discretion of the party selection committee. [Correct Response: B]

As regards appointing or assigning Republicans to Senate standing committees -- A. recommendations for assignment of Senators to standing committees are made primarily by the party selection committee;  B. the members of the party selection committee are elected by the state party delegations, subject to ratification or rejection by the Senate Republican Conference;  C. the Senate Republican floor leader nominates Senators for assignment to some standing committees;  D. A and B above are true;  E. A and C above are true.
[Correct Response: E]

As long as a particular house of Congress strongly adhered to the principle of seniority in the selection of standing committee chairman -- A. a vacancy occuring on a committee was filled by the majority party member on that committee who had the greatest amount of seniority in the whole house;  B. the leadership of the comgressional majority was unable to remove an incumbent committee chairman;  C. a vacancy occurring on a committee was filled by the majority party member on that committee who had been on the committee for the longest time;  D. A and B above were true;  E. B and C above were true.
[Correct Response: E]

The seniority principle guaranteed that a standing committee chairman -- A. could chair two or more standing committees;  B. would retain his chairmanship as long as he continued to be reelected and his party held a majority in his particular house of Congress;   C. would be in substantial agreement with the leadership of his party on the major policy issues under the jurisdiction of his committee;  D. could be easily removed by a majority vote his party's caucus or conference;  E. would be in fundamental agreement with the majority of his party on the major policy issues under the jurisdiction of his committee.
[Correct Response: B]

During the early 1970s, changes in House, Senate, and party rules and procedures -- A. made it easy to replace a committee chairman or ranking minority member if a majority of the Representatives or Senators in his party decided to do so;  B. made it more difficult for the majority party caucus or conference in the House or Senate to remove a committee chairman;  C. greatly simplified the procedures for selecting House and Senate committee chairmen;  D. made it easy to replace a committee chairman or ranking minority member if a majority of the members of his party serving on the committee decided to do so;  E. gave the presiding officer of each house of Congress the authority to remove and replace committee chairmen within his chamber.
[Correct Response: A]

Current rules of the House Republican Conference -- A. provide for an automatic secret vote in Conference on each nominee for committee chairman or ranking minority member;  B. require an open, recorded vote in Conference on each nominee for committee chairman or ranking minority member;  C. make seniority the sole criterion for selecting committee chairmen or ranking minority members;  D. provide for a secret Conference vote on each nominee for committee chairman or ranking minority member, if requested by one-fifth of the members of the House Republican Conference;  E. do none of the above.
[Correct Response: A]

Current rules of the House Democratic Caucus -- A. provide for an automatic secret vote in Caucus on each nominee for committee chairman or ranking minority member;  B. require an open, recorded vote in Caucus on each nominee for committee chairman or ranking minority member;  C. make seniority the sole criterion for selecting committee chairmen or ranking minority members;  D. provide for a secret Caucus vote on each nominee for committee chairman or ranking minority member, if requested by one-fifth of the members of the House democratic Caucus;  E. do none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

Under present rules and procedures of the Senate Republican Conference -- A. incumbent standing committee chairmen or ranking minority members must be replaced every two years;  B. the chairman or ranking minority member on each Senate standing committee is nominated by the Republicans on that committee;  C. seniority is no longer a major criterion for selecting chairmen or ranking minority members of Senate standing committees;  D. the Republican floor leader appoints the chairman or ranking minority member of each standing committee;  E. it is impossible to challenge a committee chairman or ranking minority member, without risking retribution.
[Correct Response: B]

On each House or Senate standing committee -- A. the chairman is the least important member;  B. the chairman's influence is derived entirely from his formal-legal powers;  C. the chairman's influence rests solely on his skill in developing personal and political bases of support;  D. the chairman's influence depends on both his formal powers and his skill in developing personal and political support;  E. none of the above are true.
[Correct Response: D]

The formal prerogatives of a congressional committee chairman include -- A. control of committee agenda;  B. exclusive access to knowledge of the relevant public policy issues;  C. serving as floor manager for committee bills;  D. A and C above;  E. B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

The informal resources of a congressional committee chairman include -- A. determination of the amount of time allocated for hearings on a bill;  B. the advantage of long experience in working with the other members of his committee;  C. presiding at meetings of the committee;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: B]

A standing committee chairman's influence is dependent upon -- A. the absence or presence of sharp conflicts of interest on his committee; B. his ability to retain the support and confidence of the other committee members;  C. the degree of ideological cohesion or division on the committee;  D. all of the above;  E. none of the above.
[Correct Response: D]

When a standing committee reports a bill to the floor of the House or Senate, the committee chairman may -- A. manage the bill;  B. veto the bill;  C. appoint the floor manager of the bill;  D. do A or C above;  E. do B or C above.
[Correct Response: D]

If a bill goes to a conference committee, the chairman of the committee which reported the bill to the floor -- A. normally serves on the conference committee;  B. selects the other members of his house to serve on the conference committee;  C. usually casts three votes on each decision reached by the conference committee;  D. does A and B above;  E. does B and C above.
[Correct Response: D]

A standing committee chairman can prevent a committee member from obtaining a vote on a bill by -- A. refusing to recognize the member in committee meetings;  B. bringing up other bills;  C. ruling motions out of order;  D. adjourning regular meetings early and refusing to schedule extra meetings;  E. doing all of the above.
[Correct Response: E]